Mercury contamination is widespread, at various levels across western North America in air, soil, sediment, plants, fish and wildlife.
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
http://www.usgs.gov/news/featured-story/comprehensive-study-finds-widespread-mercury-contamination-across-western-north
This essay examines the New Left’s impact on the Canadian labour movement in the 1960s and 1970s. Specifically, it argues that in large industrial unions such as the UAW, New Left ideas that were popular amongst the rank and file were stifled by the more conservative labour bureaucrats. However, in public sector unions and unions unaffiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress, New Left ideas were often able to flourish, and these more radical unions were sometimes able to obtain substantial gains for their members throughout the 1970s while also fostering a broader sense of class consciousness in Canadian society -- culminating most notably in the Common Front’s general strikes in Quebec. Furthermore, this essay suggests that New Left ideas were more popular in public sector and independent unions because these unions had a larger proportion of women in comparison to other unions, and women at this time had a greater incentive to embrace transformative ideologies than men.
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol4/iss1/5
The question of why it took the United States so long to aid in Europe during the Holocaust has been widely debated in history, due to confusion over what groups knew about the atrocity taking place and just how much information was available. When did the United States government understand the destruction that was being done to the Jewish populations overseas? Did specific organizations try to help to raise awareness? As early as the mid-1800s, Cleveland, Ohio became home to its own active Jewish society. Making a new home, but keeping their former ideals, these groups still stayed connected to what was happening back home. Acknowledging what the government was not, these Cleveland Jewish groups tried to bring the American population up to speed by exposing Hitler’s destruction to their people. These Jewish populations had a greater understanding of the horrific treatment happening to their own in Europe. However, within the Jewish population opposing ideologies about how to bring awareness to the issue existed, thus hindering their full ability to prompt the need of the United States to give aid. Through the use of primary sources such as newspapers from Ohio, official government documents, and secondary sources ranging from basic and brief histories to giving understanding of the different Jewish groups, this paper will discuss the Jewish Cleveland groups who tried to raise awareness to the United States government about the Holocaust. I argue that through these specific Jewish groups in Cleveland, as well as other, the United States was well aware of the monstrous acts being administered by Adolf Hitler before intervening.
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol4/iss1/4
This essay analyzes why the comfort women were not mentioned until recent decades. The essay starts with an overview of Japan’s colonization and formation of the Comfort Women system; next, the history of the women and a comparison between the Korean and Dutch comfort women are being compared before going into the Tokyo War Crimes Trials. It discusses historical blindness through the Tokyo War Crimes Trials. There are three factors into how the United States government officials, including General Douglas MacArthur and Joseph Berry Keenan, manipulated the trials: United States government’s conduct, the general view on gender crimes, and the Cold War Discourse. General Douglas MacArthur and Joseph Berry Keenan manipulated the trials to gain an ally in the Far East. Their actions led to the silence of comfort women and other atrocities during World War II.
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol4/iss1/3
This essay looks at the Chatham All-Stars, an all-black baseball team from Chatham, Ontario that won the Ontario Baseball Association championship in 1934. In particular, this essay shall investigate the practice of barnstorming, which was significant in showcasing teams like the All-Stars and increasing their revenues. The essay argues that barnstorming was important in the All-Stars success in the Ontario Baseball Association, and that barnstorming also secured financial opportunities for many of the All-Star players. In addition, barnstorming was important not only to entertain communities at this time, but also to tighten relationships amongst communities. Furthermore, this essay highlights the widespread racism that the All-Stars, and teams similar to the All-Stars, faced at this time. Ultimately, this essay discusses the importance of athletics in shaping Canadian society through taking into account race, ethnicity, and socio-economic background.
The Chatham Coloured All-Stars can now be found online at:
http://cdigs.uwindsor.ca/BreakingColourBarrier/
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol4/iss1/2
Having established itself as a beacon of historiographical under- standing and undergraduate ambition, one can only imagine my excitement when presented with the opportunity to become Editor- in-Chief of e Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History. How- ever, to say that this process was not also intimidating would be incorrect. Readership and participation in the Journal has extended beyond the University of Windsor’s History department, into the wider Great Lakes region and around the world. e fear of doing an injustice to the outstanding individuals who have helped make this journal such a success was, at times, overbearing. However, I have discovered through this year-long endeavour that the limitations undergraduate students (like myself ) face are largely self-imposed, emerging from a fear of failure. is self-doubt is indeed conquer- able. e very existence of the Journal, which thrives on the enthu- siasm of undergraduate students, rea rms this fact; it is limitless in both its scope, and evolution into the multi-platform exploit that it is today, as a result of their exceptionalism.
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol4/iss1/1
There is an elevated incidence of skin and liver tumors among White Suckers caught in certain Wisconsin rivers that flow into Lake Michigan according to a U.S. Geological Survey study recently published in the Journal of Fish Diseases.
The three-year study looked at White Sucker tumor prevalence in the Sheboygan River and Milwaukee Estuary, which have both been listed as “Areas of Concern” under the International Joint Commission Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada. According to this agreement, “an AOC is a geographic area designated by the [the United States and Canada] where significant impairment of beneficial uses has occurred as a result of human activities at the local level.”
In accordance with the agreement, any part of the Great Lakes, or it’s tributary rivers, can be listed as an AOC if special criteria are met. One of the 14 criteria used for labeling an AOC is the pervasiveness of tumors on certain species of fish, including White Sucker.
Lip tumor diagnosed as a papilloma on a White Sucker, USGSOnce an AOC has been listed, the agreement requires a Remedial Action Plan to be developed that will restore impacted areas. As part of a remedial action plan, the State of Wisconsin asked the USGS to acquire data about the status of White Sucker within the two AOCs that were used in the study. During the research period, which lasted from 2012-2014, approximately 200 adult suckers were collected at each site during the fish’s migration periods. Fish were also collected in two non-AOCs, the Root River and Kewaunee Rivers, for comparison.
After compiling the study data, researchers revealed there was an abundance of liver tumors and skin lesions on the bodies, fins and lips of fish collected from three of the four sites.
“There was an elevated prevalence of skin and liver tumors on fish from both Areas of Concern as well as one of the non-Areas of Concern,” said Vicki Blazer, USGS Research Fish Biologist and lead author of the study.
Discovering elevated levels of fish tumors in an area not designated as an AOC was not unexpected, said Blazer. The research scientist said this non-AOC, the Root River, is close to the Milwaukee River, which has similar land and industrial runoff as the two AOCs.
However, the research team did discover something they weren’t initially looking for as they were examining their specimens.
Some of the male fish collected at both AOCs had testicular tumors in addition to the skin and liver tumors the scientists were documenting. The data collected did not show a correlation to the frequency of liver and skin tumors between male and female suckers, therefore, the testicular tumor finding was the only discovery directly related to the sex of tested fish.
While the rates of liver and skin tumors seem to be equal between male and female fishes, the age of the fish does seem to play an important role in tumor development.
“Many of the fish with the skin and liver tumors were fairly old,” said Blazer. “The question remains if the risk factors causing the tumors on these older fish, could also be harming the younger fish in other ways, such as early mortality or lack of reproduction. We really don’t know right now.”
Another unknown is the cause of these tumors.
Blazer said there are some studies that suggest exposure to certain chemicals can cause liver tumors in fish, but there is still more research needed to determine the exact cause.
“The fact of the matter is that tumors in fish, just like tumors in humans, are multifactorial and we really need more research to identify what the risk factors behind these tumors are,” said Blazer.
Several sediment cleanup projects to remove legacy contaminants from AOCs have been completed in Sheboygan and Milwaukee since the time the USGS study was initiated, and additional sediment cleanup projects are underway in Milwaukee. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources anticipates that additional studies will be needed to monitor the levels of liver tumors as AOC recovery occurs over time.
For more information on this study - which was conducted in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the University of Wisconsin, with funding by the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative - click here to read the complete report.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/high-rate-tumors-found-white-sucker-some-wisconsin-rivers
The bat-killing fungus recently detected for the first time in western North America is genetically similar to strains found in the eastern United States and did not likely originate in Eurasia, according to a study published today in the journal mSphere.
The findings have implications for resource managers battling the spread of the devastating disease white-nose syndrome (WNS) in North American bats.
Results of the U.S. Geological Survey and USDA Forest Service study provide clues about the origin of this strain of the Pseudogymnoascus destructans fungus, or Pd. This fungus causes WNS and was recently found on a bat near North Bend, Washington, about 1,300 miles from the previous westernmost detection in Nebraska. Because Pd is also present in Eurasia and North Bend is located near an international port, the scientists studied DNA from the Washington fungus to determine if it had roots abroad.
“Although it remains unclear how Pd reached Washington, this finding guides us to look to North America as the source,” said Jonathan Sleeman, director of the USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC), where the Washington bat was confirmed Pd positive. “Now that Pd has been identified in the western U.S., it’s critical to continue working with resource managers to help conserve imperiled bat species, which are worth billions of dollars per year to North American agriculture and forestry.”
In March 2016, a little brown bat found sick near North Bend tested positive for WNS. Following this discovery, the USGS NWHC provided DNA from the fungus on the bat’s skin to a laboratory at the Forest Service’s Northern Research Station (NRS) for genetic analysis.
“The severity and potential ecosystem-level effects of WNS in North America make it one of the most serious wildlife diseases ever recorded,” said Daniel Lindner, a research plant pathologist with the Forest Service’s NRS and a co-author on the study. “We have made a lot of progress in understanding WNS and in monitoring its spread, but more work is needed to determine how disease impacts will vary among bat populations in eastern and western North America.”
Scientists at the Forest Service’s NRS sequenced DNA from multiple strains of Pd, including the fungus cultured from the Washington bat, to determine that it most closely matched fungal strains from eastern North America.
White-nose syndrome was first documented in New York state in 2006 and has rapidly spread westward in North America to neighboring states and into Canada. The disease has killed millions of beneficial, insect-eating bats and threatens several formerly abundant bat species with extinction.
Bats showing signs of infections with Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungus that causes white-nose syndrome. (Kim Miller, USGS, public domain)Based on the current understanding of Pd distribution in North America, scientists cannot determine if the fungus reached Washington from the east by bat movements or through human activities. However, ongoing surveillance efforts coordinated through the multiagency WNS response effort continues to provide insights on the spread of WNS, the impacts of this disease on bat populations and the potential for population recovery.
The national WNS response effort is coordinated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and involves federal, state and non-governmental organizations, including representatives from the bat conservation and caving communities.
"These results confirm that Pd is capable of movement far across North America. They do not, however, change the importance of taking precautions to reduce the risk of spread by humans,” said Jeremy Coleman, National WNS Coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. “There's much we don’t know about how Pd will affect populations of western bats, so it is critical to limit spread as much as possible until we can improve survival of susceptible bats."
WNS is not known to pose a threat to humans, pets, livestock or other wildlife.
For more information about WNS, please visit the USGS National Wildlife Health Center and Forest Service’s Northern Research Station websites.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/deadly-bat-fungus-washington-state-likely-originated-eastern-us
Birds at most study sites in the Great Lakes basin were minimally exposed to most environmental contaminants, with the exception of high exposure to dioxins and furans in central Michigan, according to research published today.
Scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey collected tree swallow eggs from 69 sites across the Great Lakes in 2010-2015, including 27 sites designated as Areas of Concern, or AOCs, by the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. They tested the eggs for 26 pesticides and other contaminants that could have harmful effects on bird reproduction and development. While exposure was low at most sites, the scientists found high concentrations of dioxins and furans in eggs from Midland, Michigan, and from the Saginaw River and Bay AOC downstream of Midland.
“Our findings are valuable for wildlife managers tasked with protecting birds in the Great Lakes basin, and can be used to assess Beneficial Use Impairments at AOCs across the Great Lakes,” said Christine Custer, a USGS scientist and the lead author of the study.
Scientists tested the eggs for industrial products that can negatively affect animal health, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs. The findings showed that:
Only six AOCs exceeded the PCB concentration of two micrograms per gram (mg/g), which is considered elevated; Mean concentrations of PCBs in the eggs were 10 to over 20 times below the lower limit at which egg hatching begins to be affected, which is 20 mg/g; Other organic contaminants, including p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, or DDE; mirex; heptachlor; chlordane; and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, were at or below background concentrations, or did not differ between AOCs and non-AOCs.Dioxins and chlorinated dibenzo furans are a pollutant that results from high temperature burning, such as incinerators, and during the production of some industrial chemicals such as PCBs and herbicides. The findings specific to Midland and the Saginaw River and Bay AOC included:
The mean concentration of dioxins and furans was highest in Midland eggs at 475 picograms per gram (pg/g). For comparison, the lower limit for hatching effects is 181 pg/g; The mean concentration of dioxins and furans in eggs from a site in the Saginaw River and Bay was 242 pg/g; The other 67 Great Lakes sites had mean dioxin and furan concentrations below 87 pg/g; and High dioxin and furan exposure at these locations confirms earlier reports.“Remediation efforts are planned, underway or completed by U.S. EPA at numerous AOCs, which should further reduce bird exposure to many of these pollutants,” Custer said.
Over 90 collaborators assisted with the project, including all levels of government, private companies and corporations, non-governmental organizations and private citizens.
The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative and the USGS Contaminant Biology Program funded the study, which was published today in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
For more information on bird health in the Great Lakes region, please visit the USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center website.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/low-levels-contaminants-found-great-lakes-tree-swallow-eggs
Photo of representatives from the Philippines Department of Public Works & Highways watching a remote USGS presentation.
USGS scientists Charles Dunning, Rob Waschbusch, Kevin Housel (Wisconsin Water Science Center), Marie Peppler (Office of Surface Water), Joe Nielson (Office of Water Information), and Verne Schneider (International Hydrological Programme) participated in a remote presentation to the Philippines Department of Public Works & Highways on Tuesday, July 19th. In collaboration with USAID, the Philippine government is in the process of converting their existing surface-water data system from paper to digital format, and is interested in the potential uses and capabilities of a digital water information system. The USGS presented information on our National Streamflow Information Program; collecting and communicating streamflow information; discharge measurement innovations; flood inundation mapping and flood-event data collection; and demonstrations of USGS water information systems such as NWIS, WaterWatch, and Flood Inundation Mapper. The Philippines, in turn, presented their National Hydrologic Data Collection Program.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/usgs-participates-streamflow-data-learning-exchange-philippine-government
USGS scientists participated in a remote presentation to the Philippine government on Tuesday, July 19th. The USGS presented information on our National Streamflow Information Program; discharge measurement innovations; flood inundation mapping and data collection; and USGS water information systems. The Philippines, in turn, presented their National Hydrologic Data Collection Program.
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
http://www.usgs.gov/news/usgs-participates-streamflow-data-learning-exchange-philippine-government
A team of scientists from Canada and the United States coordinated by the International Joint Commission (IJC) has created binational datasets for the Red-Assiniboine River Basin to more precisely identify sources of phosphorus and nitrogen across the Basin. Using the data, the scientists determined that agricultural use of these nutrients is the primary source of inputs to the transboundary watershed.
The work will inform federal, provincial and state agencies in their efforts to improve water quality and address the eutrophication, or the excessive nutrient enrichment, of rivers and lakes in the region spanning portions of Manitoba, Minnesota, North Dakota and Saskatchewan.
Excessive phosphorus and nitrogen loads result in numerous harmful and undesirable impacts in many rivers and lakes across the Basin, in both Canada and the U.S. and downstream of the Red River in Lake Winnipeg. The resulting algal blooms have degraded aquatic food webs, negatively affected tourism and recreation through fouled beaches and infested nearshore zones, and threatened drinking water for coastal communities through release of algal toxins.
This marks the first binationally-focused SPARROW model, a watershed tool developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for interpreting water-quality monitoring information. It was applied using Canada-U.S. datasets to estimate loads and sources of phosphorus and nitrogen by watershed and by jurisdiction at a large scale. The research team has generated new information on the sources and transport of these nutrients that will guide efforts in both countries to reduce nutrients lost from the Basin. In particular, output from the model will help the IJC’s International Red River Board and International Souris River Board deliver on nutrient management strategies in their watersheds.
The innovations, developed by IJC scientist Glenn A. Benoy in collaboration with R. Wayne Jenkinson from the National Research Council Canada (NRC) and Dale M. Robertson and David A. Saad from the USGS, included the coordination of geospatial datasets from both countries. The researchers designed a contiguous stream network to estimate nutrient loading and transport, and used novel statistical techniques to accommodate limitations in spatial variability. Their research results were published in the Canadian Water Resources Journal, a peer-reviewed publication of the Canadian Water Resources Association.
The binational team consists of scientists from the IJC, an international body established by Canada and the U.S. to foster shared stewardship of transboundary waters; NRC, Canada’s premier research and technology organization; and the USGS, a federal scientific agency that studies the landscape of the U.S., its natural resources and the natural hazards that threaten it. This team is uniquely positioned to advance problem-solving tools, such as this SPARROW modeling work. Through its facilitation and coordination, the IJC will be able to transfer the tools, techniques and research relationships cultivated during the development of this model to water-quality concerns in other watersheds that straddle the Canada-U.S. border.
Results of the Red-Assiniboine River Basin SPARROW model developed as part of this study, including supporting datasets, can be accessed through an online SPARROW mapping tool.
For more information about binational SPARROW models, please visit the USGS SPARROW nutrient modeling website.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/sources-excessive-nutrients-transboundary-red-assiniboine-river-basin-identified-binational
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
http://www.usgs.gov/news/technical-announcement/sources-excessive-nutrients-transboundary-red-assiniboine-river-basin
New and updated daily water-quality advisories called nowcasts show whether bacteria levels in swimming areas at selected Lake Erie and Lake Ontario beaches are suitable for recreation.
This season, the Ohio Nowcast has a new look and format, and the New York Nowcast is easier to use than ever. Developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and partners, these interactive, mobile-friendly websites use maps of beach locations to indicate whether or not estimated bacteria levels exceed state safety standards. Rapid nowcast information is available for eight beaches and one river in Ohio and for 11 beaches in New York.
“Nowcasts are similar to forecasts except they estimate current instead of future conditions,” said Amie Brady, a USGS hydrologist and coauthor of a recent nowcast study. “We estimate current bacteria levels using models that are calibrated for each beach, taking into account existing weather and environmental conditions.”
Older methods to determine levels of harmful bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), take at least 18 hours to complete. During this period, E. coli levels may increase or decrease substantially depending on rainfall, light levels and other factors. As a result, beaches may be posted with incorrect advisories based on E. coli levels from the previous day. Nowcasts provide near real-time predictions for more accurate bacteria advisories.
“The new Ohio Nowcast is more interactive and easier to use than the old format because users can now click a beach on a map and obtain its water-quality information using their computer or mobile device,” said Brady. “The New York Nowcast has been offering this interactive format for several years, adding new beaches each year of its operation.”
Beach advisories or closings in the United States are issued when levels of bacterial indicators, such E. coli, exceed safety standards. E. coli is found in the intestines and feces of warm-blooded animals and can exist in sewage and waste. These indicators do not necessarily cause disease, but they signify the possible presence of disease-causing organisms. If the concentration of E. coli exceeds state standards, officials will advise visitors not to swim because of the risk of illness.
Scientists with the USGS and partners have been providing rapid predictions of bacteria levels at beaches through the Ohio Nowcast since 2006 and the New York Nowcast since 2012.
A full list of cooperators on the Ohio and New York Nowcasts is available in the USGS report.
For more information on water-quality research in Ohio and New York, please visit the USGS MI-OH Water Science Center and the USGS New York Water Science Center websites.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/science-based-tools-can-help-prevent-illness-ohio-and-new-york-beaches
These interactive, mobile-friendly websites use maps of beach locations to indicate whether or not estimated bacteria levels exceed state safety standards.
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
http://www.usgs.gov/news/state-news-release/science-based-tools-can-help-prevent-illness-ohio-and-new-york-beaches
Results of the study indicate the potential for small fish to be transported through the electric dispersal barrier, which was built to keep invasive species such as Asian carp from passing between the Mississippi River and Great Lakes Basins. However, there is no evidence to date that Asian carp have crossed the Electric Dispersal Barrier System in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal.
USGS and FWS scientists study the interaction of moving barges and small fish on the Illinois Waterway. Public domainThe study was conducted in 2015 to examine the potential for upstream transport of invasive Asian carp. Barges, which are flat-bottomed boats that carry freight, regularly move from locations where Asian carp are abundant to areas where Asian carp are not yet established. Once trapped, fish may be transported upstream over long distances, upwards of nine miles, and through navigational locks and the Electric Dispersal Barrier system on the Illinois Waterway. The new report is published online in the Journal of Great Lakes Research.
“This study is a great example of how federal agencies, state partners and industry are working together using the most advanced technology available to identify potential risks and find solutions to the difficult problems presented by Asian carp in the Illinois Waterway,” said Jeremiah Davis, a biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and senior author of the study.
Results show that as a barge tow moves upstream, the three feet of water surrounding the barge and the water included in the gap between barges is also dragged upstream. The speed of the water surrounding the barge can be fast enough to overcome the swimming ability of small fish, allowing fish to be drawn into and trapped in the gap between barges. To assess the number of fish that move upstream with a barge tow scientists marked free-swimming fish and released them in front of the barge or in the gap between barges. Scientists later recaptured the fish upstream using nets cast in the gap space. The study used golden shiners, a fish native to the Illinois Waterway and similar in size and swimming ability to small Asian carp.
“Measuring the flow around a barge as it travels allows us to better understand the forces these fish are subject to as a barge passes by,” said Ryan Jackson, a USGS hydrologist and co-author of the study. “These results will be used by resource managers in designing potential mitigation efforts to prevent upstream transport of invasive species.”
The FWS and the USGS plan to continue investigating barge tow operations to reduce the likelihood of trapping and transporting fish in the gap between barges. Future studies will also test the trapping of small fish in parts of the Illinois Waterway with abundant Asian carp populations.
USGS scientist monitors the measurement of flow around the barge. Public domain USGS scientist monitors the measurement of flow around the barge. Public domainUSGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/moving-barges-have-potential-transport-invasive-fish
Drought periods followed by rainfall caused nitrate levels to increase to the highest ever measured in some Midwest streams during a 2013 study, according to a U.S. Geological Survey report published today in the Journal of Environmental Quality.
Nitrate, a form of nitrogen, is a common pollutant in U.S. streams and groundwater. Excessive concentrations in streams and lakes can adversely affect biological communities and spur algal growth, which can lead to harmful algal blooms and deplete oxygen in the water causing hypoxia, or "dead zones."
A small stream flows through corn fields in northern Indiana. Public domainThe USGS and the Environmental Protection Agency collaborated in 2013 to sample 100 small streams across parts of 11 states in the Midwest. Scientists tested for a broad range of water-quality and habitat characteristics and assessed organisms living in the stream, including algae, invertebrates and fish. The study did not look at treated drinking water. The nitrate analysis included comparing 2013 findings to 20 years of nitrate results from multiple state and federal agencies for more than 1,000 streams across the region.
“The highest nitrate concentrations in 2013 were in streams in Iowa, closely followed by southern Minnesota and central Illinois,” said Peter Van Metre, a USGS hydrologist and the lead author of the study. “Drought conditions in 2012 allowed excess nitrogen to build up in the soils until spring rains in 2013 flushed the nitrate into streams, leading to unusually high levels.”
Researchers also concluded that the most important source of the nitrate was application of nitrogen-rich fertilizer and manure, primarily for corn production.
The EPA maximum contaminant level for nitrate in drinking water, 10 milligrams per liter, was exceeded in 19 percent of the 1,199 samples collected for the study. Although the small streams themselves are not used for drinking water, they contribute to water-supply reservoirs. High nitrogen levels can pose health risks to water users and can prompt drinking-water municipalities with the technology available to activate costly nitrate removal processes.
Mean 2013 nitrate concentration at the 100 Midwest Stream Quality Assessment sites. Red circle with bold black outline indicates that the nitrate concentration in one or more samples exceeded 20 mg L–1 (spl >20 mg L–1), which is twice the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg L–1.Large amounts of nitrate can be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. Nitrogen sources in the Mississippi River basin, which includes the Midwest, have been linked to Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. An earlier USGS study reported that the total amount of nitrogen in the Mississippi River in late spring 2013 was much higher than normal, coinciding with the high nitrate levels measured in the small Midwest streams.
This study is the first of several regional stream-quality assessments by the USGS. Findings will provide the public and policy-makers with information regarding which human and natural factors are the most critical in affecting stream quality. Regions studied include the Southeast (2014) and the Pacific Northwest (2015), the Northeast (2016), and planning is underway for studies in California (2017).
Support for this work was provided by the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Project (NAWQA).
A corn farm in northeast Iowa. Public domain Cows feed on a farm in southern Wisconsin. Public domain
An irrigation system waters crops in southern Wisconsin. Public domain
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/rainfall-following-drought-linked-historic-nitrate-levels-some-midwest-streams-2013
The first-ever National Lakes Assessment of toxins from harmful algal blooms challenges several long-held assumptions, including the extent, distribution and make-up of toxins from harmful algal blooms. The assessment, conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, sampled 1161 inland lakes and reservoirs throughout the United States.
Harmful algal blooms can be caused by numerous species of algae and bacteria, but this assessment focused on those caused by cyanobacteria, which are also known as blue-green algae. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria are known to have a range of lethal and non-lethal effects on humans, wildlife and companion animals. Additionally, cyanotoxins have been shown to accumulate at all levels of aquatic food webs in lakes and reservoirs, from plankton all the way up to top-level predators.
“Some had believed that toxic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms were just a local or regional occurrence, but this study shows that they are distributed in lakes throughout the nation.” said USGS scientist Keith Loftin, lead author on the assessment.
This map shows all of the lakes tested and those in which samples contained cylindrospermopsin toxins.The assessment sampled for three types of cyanobacterial toxins, also known as cyanotoxins: cylindrospermopsins, microcystins and saxitoxins. Results found cylindrospermopsins in 4.0 percent of samples; microcystins in 32 percent and saxitoxins in 7.7 percent.
“This assessment shows that multiple classes of cyanotoxins are present in lakes in diverse settings throughout the United States,” said Loftin. “This is a significant finding given the perception that cyanobacteria blooms are increasing in frequency and severity.”
Typically, studies done for harmful algal bloom event response programs are largely focused on near-shore areas, where harmful algal blooms can be very thick and recreational activities include swimming or fishing from shore. In contrast, the National Lakes Assessment focused on samples collected in the center of lakes, where cyanobacteria and toxin concentrations can be much lower, and other types of recreational activities are more common, such as boating.
In addition, most studies for cyanotoxins only look for microcystins, not saxitoxins or cylindrospermopsins. The results of the assessment, however, show that saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsins can occur at significant levels too.
This map shows all of the lakes tested and those in which samples contained saxitoxin toxins.“Algal toxins like these microcystins can be a serious issue, especially in regard to the water we use for recreation or drinking,” said Michael Focazio, program coordinator for the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. “For instance, in 2014 the City of Toledo, Ohio, alerted approximately 500,000 people that their drinking water supply was contaminated by microcystins. That event drew national attention to the potential vulnerabilities of our water resources to toxins formed in association with harmful algal blooms.”
Studies focused on microcystins because they occur the most frequently, and it was assumed that they were a good indicator of the presence of other toxins. However, this assessment discovered that cylindrospermopsins were found alongside microcystins in 0.96 percent of samples and saxitoxins were found alongside microcystins in 5.0 percent of samples. In fact, all three classes of toxins were found together in only 0.32 percent of samples.
This shows that testing for microcystins alone is not a good way of showing that saxitoxins or cylindrospermopsins are present, Loftin said. He noted that relying on testing only for microcystins may lead to scenarios where potential risks from other cyanotoxin classes are unassessed in microcystin-only monitoring plans.
This map shows all of the lakes tested and those in which samples contained microcystin toxins.Additionally, this study highlighted that testing for the presence of chlorophyll to show how much microcystin might be present is not reliable either. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that is associated with photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria.
Current provisional World Health Organization recreational health risk indicators for protection against microcystins suggest using the amount of chlorophyll to gauge how much microcystin might be present. However, the National Lakes Assessment discovered that relying on chlorophyll that way overpredicted microcystin risk.
This assessment was performed as part of ongoing USGS research on the occurrence and factors that influence or create new environmental exposure pathways of cyanobacteria and associated algal toxins to aquatic ecosystems.
The present study provides new evidence of the widespread occurrence of cyanotoxins in the ambient water resources of the United States and highlights the importance of understanding factors associated with microcystin and other cyanotoxin occurrence. Ongoing work by the USGS in the Pacific Northwest and planned work in the northeastern United States and California will expand the understanding of cyanobacteria and toxins in stream ecosystems.
The assessment can be accessed here. More information on this project and other USGS research on environmental health and water quality can be found at the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, the USGS Environmental Health Mission Area, and the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Program. To keep up-to-date on the latest USGS environmental health research, subscribe to the USGS GeoHealth Newsletter.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/new-science-challenges-old-assumptions-about-harmful-algal-blooms
In a recent episode of Blue Sky Science, Faith Fitzpatrick (USGS) discussed how waterfalls are made and how long they last.
Blue Sky Science, a collaboration of the Wisconsin State Journal and the Morgridge Institute for Research, finds local experts to answer science-related questions submitted by the public at the University of Madison Discovery Building in Madison, Wis.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/how-are-waterfalls-made
Faith Fitzpatrick (USGS) discussed how waterfalls are made in a recent episode of Blue Sky Science, which answers science-related questions submitted by the public.
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
http://www.usgs.gov/news/how-are-waterfalls-made
Welcome to the New USGS.GOV
Our new user experience makes world-class USGS science, data, information, and products more easily accessible, available, and usable.
Just the tip of the iceberg…
Our transitional site includes the new usgs.gov and more than 180 top-level pages (Mission Areas, Programs, Regions, our three new Science Center websites, Products, Connect, About, etc.). We will migrate more USGS websites into this new experience; check back often to see our progress.
Enhancements include:
USER-CENTERED DESIGN
IMPROVED FUNCTIONALITY
RESPONSIVE MOBILE-READY DESIGN
INTUITIVE NAVIGATION
FASTER, MORE ACCURATE SEARCH
ENHANCED SCIENCE-DRIVEN CONTENT
SOCIAL MEDIA INTEGRATION
NEW ANALYTICS PROCESS AND FEEDBACK TOOLS
User-centered Design
Behind the scenes, we’ve focused on visual design, usability, and information architecture so that we can provide you with the data and information you want when you want it.
Improved Functionality
Understanding our many users and what they need most motivated the new functionality. Consistent design, branding, and navigation come together to create the best possible experience.
Responsive, Mobile-ready Design
More people than ever are using smartphones and tablets to surf the web. Whether you visit from a desktop or from your mobile browser, the new usgs.gov is designed to give you a clean, tailored experience.
Intuitive Navigation
By reducing clicks and increasing pathways to information, we’ve streamlined access to what matters most — our science, data, and information.
Faster, More Accurate Search
Getting you to what you want the first time is the ultimate goal. Our faster, more accurate search bridges the old and the new and puts the USGS at your fingertips.
Enhanced Science-driven Content
The brand new Science Explorer makes discovering USGS science easier (and more fun) than ever. Choose a topic — from biology and ecosystems to water — and see the full range of what we have to offer.
Our First Three New Science Center Websites
Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center (NOROCK) at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/norock
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center (WARC) at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/wetland-and-aquatic-research-center-warc
Wisconsin Water Science Center at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/wisconsin-water-science-center
Social Media Integration
No matter where you are on the new usgs.gov, sharing to your favorite social media platforms is only a click away.
New Analytics Process and Feedback Tools
New analytics and feedback tools provide insight to help us continue improving.
We are building this site for you. Let us know what you think.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/welcome-new-usgsgov-0
Citizens and stakeholders are invited to learn more about the recently completed Little Plover River Groundwater Model and Optimization Study at an informational meeting hosted by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources on April 12, 2016.
Ken Bradbury, director and state geologist with UW-Extension’s Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey (WGNHS) and Michael Fienen, a research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey’s Wisconsin Water Science Center, will present the results of their two-year study of the Little Plover River groundwater system. DNR contracted for the study, which builds on the work of other hydrogeologists and existing stream and high capacity well data. The study uses state-of-the-art groundwater and optimization modeling software to simulate the Little Plover River groundwater and surface water flow system, said Dan Helsel, the DNR natural resources manager who coordinated the project for the department.
“Stakeholders from all sides of the groundwater use issue recognize the expertise of Ken Bradbury and Michael Fienen,” Helsel said. “The model they have created represents the best available science and will help inform future management decisions.”
The principal investigators worked closely with a technical resource team composed of hydrogeologists representing the Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association, the Central Sands Water Action Coalition, the River Alliance of Wisconsin and the village of Plover, among others.
The study provides a science-based tool to evaluate different water management actions and their impact on the flow of the Little Plover River. The methodology can be applied to study the impacts of multiple high capacity wells in other areas of the state.
“With the creation of this tool, DNR is positioned to work with stakeholders to evaluate and implement different scenarios that make meaningful changes to optimize a healthy river flow,” said Helsel.
The informational meeting is being hosted by the DNR, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey at the request of state Sens. Julie Lassa, Luther Olsen and Robert Cowles and Reps. Katrina Shankland, Scott Krug and Nancy VanderMeer. It will be held Tuesday, April 12 from 6 to 8 p.m. at the Noel Fine Arts Center, Michelsen Hall, NFAC 270, 1800 Portage Street, UW-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI 54481.
(Excerpted from Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources News Release, April 5, 2016: DNR hosts public presentation of the Little Plover River Groundwater Model Study)
To learn more about this study, visit the WGNHS Little Plover project website.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/little-plover-groundwater-study-public-meeting
U.S. Geological Survey scientists will conduct a high-resolution airborne survey to study the rock layers under a region of the south-central Upper Peninsula, Michigan, and parts of northeastern Wisconsin, starting in early April and lasting until as late as August. When the data analysis is complete, resulting geologic maps will help USGS researchers improve an assessment of mineral resources in the region.
As part of this research, a low-flying airplane will be used. Residents and visitors should not be alarmed to witness this airplane flying low to the ground near the broader Iron Mountain-Ralph-Escanaba-Menominee region. A similar USGS study will occur around the same time, but will produce a map at a different scale and spatial area.
The airplane is under contract to the USGS through EON Geosciences. The aircraft will be operated by experienced pilots who are specially trained and approved for low-level flying. All flights are coordinated with the Federal Aviation Administration to ensure accordance with U.S. law.
The survey area is known to contain historically significant iron deposits, as well as several other types of mineral deposits either known or suspected to be present.
“This study will help USGS and partnered scientists understand the region’s fundamental geology and mineral potential in much greater detail than is currently known,” said USGS scientist Benjamin Drenth, a Denver-based researcher leading the survey.
The airplane will carry instruments to measure variations in the Earth's magnetic field. Because different rock types vary in content of magnetic minerals, the resulting maps allow visualization of the geologic structure below the surface. The instruments carried on the aircraft only make passive measurements, and thus pose no health risk to humans or animals.
This survey will be flown in a grid pattern. North-south lines will be flown approximately 500-700 feet apart at elevations from 250-1000 feet above the ground, and 1 mile apart in an east-west direction. All survey flights will occur during daylight hours.
The Michigan Geological Survey is a technical partner with the USGS on the project, assisting with coordination with the Michigan geologic and elected community.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/media-advisory-second-round-usgs-studies-begin-define-what-minerals-lie-beneath-portions-upper
Beginning in early April and continuing for approximately two weeks, the U.S. Geological Survey will conduct an aerial survey designed to scan the upper part of the earth’s crust.
As part of this survey, a helicopter will be flying low to the ground towing equipment shaped like a giant hula-hoop beneath it. The flight region includes parts of upper Michigan, northern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota. The survey, carried out under contract by Geotech Ltd., will fly along a series of widely spaced parallel profiles spanning over 1500 miles.
The survey will determine how well different rocks conduct electricity and ultimately help refine geologic maps of an area with significant mineral potential.
The survey is targeting a suite of rocks deposited 1.8 billion years ago in a deep-water marine environment when the region lay at the edge of a vast ocean. These rocks are a potential source of sulfur for many types of mineral deposits found throughout the region and have been mapped only at the surface throughout the survey area.
“The high electrical conductivity of these particular rocks makes them an ideal target for airborne electromagnetic studies,” said USGS scientist Paul Bedrosian, the study’s lead investigator. “This survey will enable us to map the geometry of these rocks deep into the subsurface.”
Map of upcoming USGS AEM study area in relation to state and county borders. The thick black lines are the intended flight profiles, and the shaded grey regions show the mapped extent of rocks deposited some 1.8 billion years ago. Mapping the subsurface geometry and distribution of these rocks is the primary goal of this survey. Image of the VTEM Plus AEM system from Geotech Ltd. in flight. A similar system will be flown during the upcoming USGS AEM study.USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/media-advisory-usgs-goes-airborne-define-what-minerals-lie-beneath-upper-midwest
View the recording of their plenary talk.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/using-story-maps-communicate-usgs-science
On Feb. 18, 2016, WI WSC scientist Austin Baldwin presented preliminary findings on microplastics in Great Lakes tributaries to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy's Subcommittee on Water Availability and Quality. This study sampled the quantity and particle types of floating microplastics in 29 tributaries in 6 states.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/presenting-preliminary-microplastics-results-white-house
WI WSC scientist Dave Krabbenhoft met with staff of the House Natural Resources Committee on Jan. 11, 2016, to discuss a new tool that can "fingerprint", or identify, Great Lakes mercury sources such as atmospheric, industrial, or watershed runoff. Determining where the mercury originates from helps inform management and mitigation planning.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/congressional-visit-discuss-sources-mercury-great-lakes
Today, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announce Visualize Your Water, a citizen science challenge for high school students who live in the Great Lakes basin and Chesapeake Bay watershed. This open competition in innovation, supported by a coalition of government agencies and private industry, aims to equip high school students with new skills in geographic analysis and help to broaden their understanding of nutrient management and pollution issues.
Plant nutrients can be valuable in agricultural and urban settings, but too much nutrient or too much at the wrong place or time will produce algal blooms, hypoxia, and other nutrient-related water quality issues that are particularly acute in the Great Lakes basin and Chesapeake Bay watershed. Nutrient pollution is the general term for high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in some of the nation’s waters. Nutrient pollution comes from sources such as urban and agricultural fertilizer runoff, municipal sewage treatment and leaking septic tanks, and even atmospheric deposition from factory and car nitrogen oxide emissions, with the relative balance of sources depending on location.
In this educational competition, students will use digital mapping technology from Esri (a leading geographic technology company) with data from the USGS, EPA, and other sources to analyze local water quality. They will then create a map that tells a story about the problem and suggests viable solutions.
Today, January 13, marks the start of the competition. Contest submissions are due March 1. Winners will be announced on April 22. A free Esri ArcGIS Online school account is available to allow participating students to view and analyze relevant data and create maps.
A grand prize of $2,500 will be awarded plus an opportunity to attend the 2016 Esri Education Conference in San Diego, California along with publication in Esri’s Mapping the Nation book. In addition, two regional first place prizes of $2,500 will be awarded for the Great Lakes basin and Chesapeake Bay watershed. National Geographic will recognize one visualization that will be promoted on National Geographic’s education website, and the author will receive a copy of the National Geographic Atlas of the World.
U.S. high school students in the following states are eligible to participate.
Great Lakes basin: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin Chesapeake Bay watershed: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West VirginiaFor further challenge details, visit the Visualize Your Water website.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/visualize-your-water-citizen-science-challenge-high-school-students
For the first time, land and resource managers in the Great Lakes will be able to distinguish between the various sources of mercury in the environment, a toxic chemical of significant concern in the region. This is thanks to a new tool that “fingerprints” the mercury, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
For Lakes Superior and Huron, atmospheric mercury is the dominant form, while in Lakes Erie and Ontario, most mercury comes from industrial activity or runoff from the watersheds of the lakes. Lake Michigan is dominated in some areas by atmospheric mercury, in other areas by industrial activity and in still others by watershed contributions.
A map showing the relative concentrations of mercury sources as identified by the fingerprinting tool which include watershed, industrial, and precipitation in the locations of Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.“I’ve been involved in mercury research for nearly 28 years,” said USGS scientist Dave Krabbenhoft, the project chief. “Back in the 1980’s, when I first got into this area of research, I dreamed of a tool that could provide geochemical markers of mercury sources. That dream has now become reality.”
Determining where the mercury comes from is important, because it informs decisions designed to minimize it. For example, minimizing industrial sources of mercury alone will not be effective if the majority of mercury entering the Great Lakes is from atmospheric mercury.
“One of the surprising things we saw was just how much of the mercury building up in fish was due to atmospheric mercury,” said Krabbenhoft. “This shows that atmospheric mercury needs to be emphasized, even when the sediments in the Lakes show relatively little atmospheric mercury accumulation.”
Although this fingerprinting tool was pioneered for the Great Lakes, it can be applied elsewhere. A very common situation across the United States and elsewhere is the presence of large amounts of mercury that was released during industrialization, so-called legacy mercury. At these sites, resource managers often lack a tool to help them understand whether it is legacy or other sources that substantively contribute to exposures in fish, wildlife and humans today.
“We are very excited to explore the capability of this new tool to inform resource managers and decision makers responsible for managing these challenging situations,” said Krabbenhoft.
Mercury is a naturally occurring element that can have toxic effects on people’s brains, kidneys and lungs. In certain environments, it can also bind with carbon and hydrogen to become methylmercury, which is far more toxic than elemental mercury. In addition, methylmercury can build up in the tissues of fish and other aquatic organisms, resulting in higher doses when people or other animals eat them.
More information about this new tool can be found online. USGS provides information on mercury sources; mercury cycling in the atmosphere, land surface, lakes, streams and oceans; and bioaccumulation and toxicity of mercury. This information helps land and resource managers understand and reduce mercury hazards to people and wildlife.
USGS News: Wisconsin
https://www.usgs.gov/news/new-tool-can-determine-sources-mercury-found-great-lakes
Fish and Wildlife Service News
Fish and Wildlife Service News
http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=u.s.-fish-and-wildlife-service-announces-notice-of-funding-opportunity-f&_ID=35370
Fish and Wildlife Service News
Fish and Wildlife Service News
http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=public-review-of-the-draft-damage-assessment-and-restoration-plan-sought-&_ID=35374
Fish and Wildlife Service News
Fish and Wildlife Service News
http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=minnesota-valley-nwr-formalizes-a-cooperative-partnership-with-chongqing-&_ID=35369
Fish and Wildlife Service News
Fish and Wildlife Service News
http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=u.s.-fish-and-wildlife-service-statement-on-vision-for-eastern-migratory-&_ID=35371
Fish and Wildlife Service News
Fish and Wildlife Service News
http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=service-awards-$1.8-million-for-fish-and-wildlife-restoration-in-the-g&_ID=35372
Fish and Wildlife Service News
Fish and Wildlife Service News
http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=happy-national-wildlife-refuge-week!-&_ID=35373
Fish and Wildlife Service News
Fish and Wildlife Service News
http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=american-eel-population-remains-stable-does-not-need-esa-protection-&_ID=35258
Fish and Wildlife Service News
Fish and Wildlife Service News
http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=u.s.-fish-and-wildlife-service-designates-critical-habitat-for-two-p&_ID=35354
Abstract:
A monograph regarding the history of Canada’s intelligence gathering apparatus has not been published, leaving a gap in modern historiography. In an attempt to partially fill this academic void, this essay examines RCMP intelligence Bulletins drafted during World War Two that have been declassified under the Access to Information Act. Analysis of the Bulletins clearly indicates the Canadian intelligence gathering apparatus underwent a massive expansion of scope during the war. The RCMP began investigating people and organizations based upon their race, religion, political affiliation or nationalist beliefs. Disregard of human rights and privacy during the period was so widespread, even the police remarked upon the depth of their new powers inside the Bulletins. Some people, such as the future Prime Minister Diefenbaker, worked to enshrine human rights in the Canadian constitution thereafter, attempting to prevent the police from acquiring such powers ever again. Due to parallel tactics used during World War Two and the modern day, an effective Supreme Court challenge could be mounted against tactics used in Canada’s war on terror based upon historical and constitutional grounds.
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol3/iss1/7
This paper will examine the historical relationship between the federal government of Canada and the scientists it has employed over the past few decades. It will compare science policy and practices from leaders such as Diefenbaker and Trudeau to the policies currently followed by Stephen Harper's government. It will then ask what might be achieved by following those policies, despite the criticism received by the science community. The paper will ultimately argue that the federal government and scientists have often had a contentious relationship, and the policies the Conservative government is currently implementing are not new. It will also argue that the these Conservative policies are intended to present a unified political front to the broader Canadian public and to the world.
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol3/iss1/6
Cesarean section in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century was entangled in a web of legal, political, religious, medical, and ideological tensions. An act of desperation to save the child after the mother died, the procedure was embedded in the popular imagination and imbued with symbolic power. While it was promoted by the Catholic Church to save the souls of the infants through baptism, Jewish communities viewed the procedure with wariness due to its perceived unnaturalness. The coupling of divergent religious views on the procedure, a strained religious environment, and changes in the occupational landscape of obstetrics resulted in the utilization of cesarean section by Christians as a means to demonstrate the corporeal and occupational inferiority of Jews. Using the cesarean section as a point of entry, we can witness the subordination and marginalization of the Jewish midwife.
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol3/iss1/5
Hamilton Harbour is the principle port serving South Western Ontario and the Niagara Peninsula region with two of Canada’s largest steel manufacturers occupying the waterfront. As early as the 1860s fishery inspectors in Hamilton noted the fish tasted of coal, that there were dead ducks and small animals that were coated in oil from refineries. In the 1950s the Hamilton Harbour was deemed unfit for recreational use and although the state of the harbour may be slowly improving, it is far from being delisted from the International Joint Commission’s Area of Concerns designations list. This paper will first look at the history of the Great Lakes and the historical sources of pollution then specifically how this pertains to Hamilton Harbour. By looking at these histories and the various efforts aimed at delisting the Hamilton Harbour as an AOC, I will evaluate the extent to which these efforts have improved the Harbour and what that holds for its future.
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol3/iss1/4
This essay looks at the ways Frederick Winslow Taylor's distinctly modern theories of scientific management (i.e. Taylorism) transformed Canadian workplaces in the early 20thcentury. In particular, it shows how Taylorism negatively impacted Canadian workers' lives, and examines the various ways that workers consequently resisted Taylorist methods. The essay argues that though workers were unable to stop the widespread implementation of Taylorism and its normalization in Canadian workplaces, their resistance to Taylorism still played an important role in unionist and radical political movements which gradually gained important concessions and rights for Canadian workers during the first half of the 20thcentury. Additionally, the essay argues that resistance was significant as an outlet for workers to retain bodily autonomy in work environments which increasingly aimed to make workers more machine-like. Ultimately, the essay highlights important ways that the Canadian working class has exercised historical agency via solidarity and perseverance.
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/gljuh/vol3/iss1/3
Scientists collect a snapshot of a bird’s life when they capture, band, and release it. Each coded band and any data collected at the same time like date, location, sex, age etc. are recorded in a database that can be shared by scientists around the world. When the same bird is seen somewhere else, that observation location provides another snapshot that is added to the database, helping scientists to reconstruct the movements of individual birds. This continuously growing database makes it possible to study dispersal and migration, behavior and social structure, life-span and survival rate, reproductive success and population growth.
Environmental Science & Policy Master’s candidate Tom Prestby is observing shorebirds migrating along the lower Bay of Green Bay (Brown County, Wisconsin, USA) in order to provide much needed information about the importance of near shore habitat for numerous species of conservation concern including three species in high peril and 12 in high continental concern.
He photographed the Semipalmated Sandpiper shown here in late May 2015 at his research site in Green Bay. The code on the blue band on the bird’s leg allowed him to discover that it was banded on January 14, 2014 in Maranhao, Brazil, and so had traveled nearly 2000 miles to get to Green Bay. Semipalmated Sandpipers, so-named because their toes are webbed for only part of their length, breed on open tundra, so it’s journey is only a little more than half finished. It still must travel another 1200 miles or more to northern Canada and Alaska to breed this summer, resting at along mudflats, sandy beaches, shores of lakes and ponds, and wet meadows. These birds make that incredible 3000 mile journey in only about two months time and rely mostly on stored fat reserves to power them through migration. Summer is short in the arctic, so after they breed they begin their fall passage in July at a more leisurely pace and typically arrive back in their South American wintering grounds by mid-October.[1]
Unfortunately, this species is on the 2014 State of the Birds Watch List, which lists species most in danger of extinction without significant conservation action. Even though populations appear to be stable at some arctic breeding grounds in Alaska, surveys by researchers in Canada and the United States indicate that the numbers of birds reaching South America wintering grounds have declined by 80% over the last 20 years. Canadian scientist Stephen Brown who has been tracking the birds as they arrive on Coats Island in the far north of Hudson’s Bay explains, “We need to understand the migratory pathways of the species in order to know where the decline is occurring, and what can be done to reverse it.”[2]
Prestby’s observation is helping other scientists to do just that. He is continuing to monitor shorebirds at his research sites including the recently restored Cat Island Chain in person and through the use of remote cameras. He is enthusiastic about his graduate experience. “It is fascinating to be able to look into the life of one of these birds and very satisfying to contribute to a great database!” His master’s research will provide important information about shorebird migration and use of wetlands encircling the bay of Green Bay that will help scientists to better understand and conserve these trans-American travelers.
References
1. All About Birds: http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Semipalmated_Sandpiper/id
2. Manumet Center for Conservation Studies: https://www.manomet.org/newsletter/first-ever-geolocator-results-semipalmated-sandpiper-show-remarkable-year-long-odyssey
Considering a career in Environmental Science? Learn more educational opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay, the Original #EcoU!
Biodiversity
https://blog.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/2015/06/snapshots-can-help-conserve-shorebirds-in-decline/
Green Bay, WI
https://www.weather.gov/grb/Nearshore_Bay_Suspended
Annual average stream temperatures in the Trout Lake watershed, Wisconsin, could increase from one to three degrees Celsius by the year 2100, which might negatively affect cold water fish like brook trout.
The U.S. Geological Survey recently modeled the effects of climate change on stream temperatures for three recreational fishing creeks near Eagle River, Wisconsin, from years 2000-2100: Stevenson Creek, North Creek and Upper Allequash Creek. Findings suggest that daily mean stream temperatures in Stevenson Creek, the warmest of the three streams, could become too high to sustain a healthy trout population by the turn of the century.
“A persistent increase in daily mean stream temperature can affect the diversity of fish species in northern Wisconsin,” said USGS scientist William Selbig. “This study can be used by managers to help make important conservation decisions in the Trout Lake watershed.”
The new USGS report, authored by Selbig, is published in the journal Science of the Total Environment.
Summer stream temperature is the most important single factor influencing distribution and production of some cold water fishes. Streams that may currently be suitable as a cold water sport fishery, like those in the new study, could become increasingly fragmented as fish seek refuge from warming water temperatures to less impacted areas.
Brook trout populations are most stable when temperatures do not exceed 19 degrees Celsius, or about 66 degrees Fahrenheit. Selbig found that the frequency at which daily mean stream temperatures exceeded ideal ranges for brook trout increased for Stevenson Creek and North Creek during the last five years of the study period, especially in the warm summer months of July and August.
“Some emission scenarios indicate that Stevenson Creek could become too warm to maintain its status as a Class II trout stream,” Selbig said.
However, the coolest of the three streams, Upper Allequash Creek, appeared resilient to climate warming, with temperatures remaining suitable for cold water fish the majority of time.
The projections showed that by 2100, annual average temperatures could increase by:
1.7 to 3.2 degrees Celsius in Stevenson Creek, 1.4 to 2.9 degrees Celsius in North Creek and 1.1 to 2.2 degrees Celsius in Upper Allequash Creek.For more information on water resources in Wisconsin, please visit the USGS Wisconsin Water Science Center website.
USGS.gov
https://www.usgs.gov/news/projected-warming-wisconsin-streams-could-negatively-affect-trout
Earth Day is April 22nd and is celebrating its 45th anniversary this year. This year we want to celebrate the month of April by showcasing our commitment to protecting the environmental health of our local communities, Wisconsin and the planet through environmentally based education, research and outreach at UW—Green Bay, the Original EcoU!
The Northeast Wisconsin Groundwater Management Area (GMA) consists of all of Brown County, as well as parts of Outagamie and Calumet Counties. The GMA has an area of around 700 square miles, lies completely within the Great Lakes drainage basin, and is home to more than 350,000 people. Millions of gallons are pumped from the confined deep aquifer in northeastern Wisconsin each day for industrial, commercial, municipal, and residential uses. Some cities now use Lake Michigan surface water for their water supply. Green Bay switched to surface water in 1957 followed by eight surrounding municipalities in 2007. These communities still retain many of their high capacity wells to serve as alternative sources in case of emergencies. This switch to surface water has caused a significant rise in groundwater level in the deep aquifer.
Groundwater in sandstone in the deep aquifer is isolated or confined in the GMA by 3 different overlying stratigraphic rock layers. Some of these rock layers contain groundwater contaminated by bacteria and nitrate or contain faults or fractures that may permit contaminated water to flow into the deeper aquifer.
UW–Green Bay Graduate student Amanda Hamby is working with Associate Professor John Luczaj from the Department of Natural & Applied Sciences to answer the following questions about water in this deep aquifer:
They are collecting water samples from a number of wells in the GMA to assess for alkalinity and a number of ions in the water. Samples will be radio-carbon dated to get an idea of how old the water in the deep aquifer actually is. Amanda is also collecting stable isotopes of oxygen and deuterium that can be used to follow water movement through the atmosphere, surface waters, and into the aquifer. Amanda is using the isotope data she collected in conjunction with GIS mapping to create a natural isotope landscape or “isoscape” of the Northeast GMA deep aquifer, one of very few such maps of deep aquifers.
The results of this project will increase our understanding of how local faults affect groundwater chemistry and water quality in the northeastern Wisconsin. This project will also aid in our understanding of how groundwater level increase in the confined deep aquifer has affected water quality in the Northeast GMA.
Amanda’s research is supported by a grant from the NAS Heirloom Plant Fund at UW–Green Bay.
Biodiversity
https://blog.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/2015/04/understanding-deep-water/
Earth Day is April 22nd and is celebrating its 45th anniversary this year. This year we want to celebrate the month of April by showcasing our commitment to protecting the environmental health of our local communities, Wisconsin and the planet through environmentally based education, research and outreach at UW—Green Bay, the Original EcoU!
North America has the highest mussel biodiversity in the world, with over 300 species, but more than 40% of those species are imperiled, especially in the Midwestern states. According to the US Fish and Wildlife Service, no other group of animals in North America is in such grave danger of extinction! The major threats that these species face are siltation, water pollution, damming or conversion of streams, and the presence of invasive mussels (zebra mussels). Wisconsin is home for 51 species of freshwater mussels and 33 of those are considered endangered, threatened or rare enough to be of special concern. Only 18 species currently have healthy populations.
UW–Green Bay graduate student Jesse Weinzinger is on a mission to better protect Wisconsin’s freshwater mussels, one of North America’s most diverse and ecologically important aquatic species. Mussels are ecosystems engineers that filter nutrients and particles improving water quality downstream. They also stabilize stream bottoms and provide habitat and food for fish and mammals.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, along with the help of university researchers and citizen scientist volunteers, are surveying mussels in streams to learn more about the lifecycles and population structure of these important animals. However, the current survey protocol is very labor intensive and the state lacks the funds and staff to maintain long term monitoring efforts. Jesse is investigating ways to make the monitoring of Wisconsin’s mussels faster and easier. He is working with the WI DNR to establish a rapid assessment protocol for volunteers of the Mussel Monitoring Program of Wisconsin. The end result will be an efficient, teachable, and easy-to-use protocol that will provide new volunteer opportunities and, if the method is applied successfully, results will provide rigorous quantitative data to inform the DNR as it makes management decisions.
Jesse’s research is partly supported by grants from the Heirloom Plant Sale Fund and from the WI DNR.
How can you help? Become a mussel monitoring volunteer!
Biodiversity
https://blog.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/2015/04/mussel-man/
Did you get a shamrock plant for Saint Patrick’s Day? It was most likely one of a few species in the genus Oxalis. Over 800 different species of Oxalis occur throughout most of the world, especially in Central America and South Africa. Their common name wood sorrel or in Europe wood sour refers to high concentrations of oxalic acid in the leaves and stems. Some are cultivated for their nutritious rhizomes, especially acta (O. tuberosa) in South America. Others like candycane sorrel (O. versicolor) and purple shamrock (O. triangularis), are prized by florists and gardeners because of their showy leaves and flowers and it is likely that you received one of these.
But is Oxalis “the” shamrock? According to Bess Lovejoy writing for Smithsonian.com, nobody is sure what plant species the stylized 3-leaved shamrock represents. Some, like 19th Century British botanist James Ebenezer Bicheno claimed that wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) was the “true” shamrock. Perhaps unconvinced that the British would best know which plant the Irish should call shamrock, Dublin native and amateur botanist Nathaniel Colgan decided to conduct a poll in 1892. He had people from different counties in Ireland send him specimens of shamrocks they had collected. Although there were no single winner based on his results, it seems that the Irish favor a few species of Clovers (Trifolium) especially white clover (Trifolium repens). Botanist E. Charles Nelson, repeated the study in 1988 and found similar results. Although most people selected among several species of clovers, about 5% of participants selected Oxalis as their shamrock.
White clover is common in our region especially in agricultural and other grassy open fields, however, it is not native and can be invasive, so we are choosing one of our native species of Oxalis, the northern wood sorrel (O. montana or O. acetosella f. montana), as our symbol of the season. The plants are still hunkered down as underground rhizomes, but you will be able to find these forest plants blooming throughout the western Great Lakes region in June. Look for it in boreal and mixed evergreen-deciduous forests or in northern maple beech hardwood forests.
We have several bright yellow flowered Oxalis species in WI which are somewhat associated with disturbed sites, and only two white to pale purple/rose flowered species as in O. acetosella. There is a similar species in southern WI called the violet wood sorrel (O. violacea). The two species are almost perfectly segregated geographically in the state—SW dry and sunny (violacea) versus NE moist to wet and forested (acetosella f. montana).
By Vicki Medland and Gary Fewless
Read more about the history of shamrocks in Smithsonian Magazine online: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/no-one-really-knows-what-shamrock-180954578/
Biodiversity
https://blog.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/2015/03/shamrocks/
Dr. Michael Draney (Natural and Applied Sciences) and James Steffen (Chicago Botanic Garden) recently published an article in the journal Great Lakes Entomologist titled “Disjunct Lake Michigan populations of two Atlantic Coast spiders, Disembolus bairdi and Grammonota pallipes (Araneae: Linyphiidae)”.
Steffen and Draney discovered two species of spiders living on the beaches of Lake Michigan that had only ever been found before living near the Atlantic Ocean. Scientists use the word “disjunct” to describe isolated populations like these that are related but widely separated from each other geographically. The discovery that the spiders also live along the shore of Lake Michigan, more than 800 miles inland raises some interesting questions, namely how did these very tiny (less than 2 mm animals) get to the Great Lakes across hundreds of miles of unsuitable habitat?
Populations can become separated from each other when the environment they live in separates into fragments due to geologic or climate events. Continents drift apart, rivers change their course or mountains rise, isolating populations on separate islands of suitable habitat. Populations also become disjunct from each other when species expand their ranges into new territories. This most often happens with species like birds or butterflies that can move long distances, or with species that hitch a ride on floating debris or on (or in) migrating animals.
Can you tell which of the photos is of a beach on Lake Michigan and which is a beach in New Hampshire?
(See the end of this post for the answer.)
While we don’t know how they got so far away from the Atlantic Ocean, the most probable explanation is that individual spiders ballooned inland by releasing long gossamer threads of silk that catch the wind and propel them along like a kite. Ballooning spiders are known to travel even thousands of miles using this technique. Those that were lucky enough to land near the shore of the Great Lakes found themselves in a hospitable and familiar habitat that they could colonize. The spiders do not care where that beach is located as long it provides what they need to survive and reproduce. Suitable habitat probably exists or existed in patches along the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes east of Lake Michigan, and spiders may have “island hopped” by ballooning between such somewhat isolated islands of suitable habitat along the way from the Eastern Seaboard to northern Illinois.
Understanding more about disjunct populations like these helps us to understand how specialized species might fare as they become isolated. Under favorable conditions, isolated populations survive, and over time, due to mutation and natural selection, become so genetically different from their far away relatives that the population may evolve into a new species. When conditions are poor and habitats are degraded or lost to development, pollution, or climate change, small isolated populations are more likely to go extinct. By monitoring species like these we can better track the health of the Great Lakes.
Essentially all of the midwest’s plants and animals were absent from the Great Lakes thousands of years ago when the region was glaciated. Each species has a different history of where it took refuge during those ages, and how it got from there to here. The intersection of all these unique natural histories contributes to our complex and fascinating regional biodiversity. These Atlantic coast disjuncts are here because of the Great Lakes and the unique coastal habitats they make possible. The present study shows that not just plants (like dwarf lake iris or Pitcher’s thistle) but also animals can be dependent on special Great Lakes coastal habitats. You’ve probably never seen Disembolus bairdi and Grammonota pallipes. Still, these species are two additional (but tiny!) reasons to appreciate our Great Lakes.
The photo on the top was taken by Dr. Robert Howe at White Fish Dunes, WI and the photo on the bottom was taken by Dr. Steve Weeks of dunes in New Hampshire.
Biodiversity
https://blog.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/2014/09/disjunct-spiders/
Learn more about our sister organization, Freshwater Future Canada.
Blog – Freshwater Future
https://freshwaterfuture.org/call-to-action/et-iusto-odio-dignissimos-ducimus-qui-blanditiis-praesentium-voluptatum-deleniti-atque/
