High levels of blue green algae in Lake Erie caused hundreds of thousands of people to temporarily have unavailable drinking water in 2014. A professor from Central Michigan University is developing an affordable sensor that will be able to detect blue green algae that is an issue in the Great Lakes with a decreased turn-around time for results. Read the full story by the Morning Sun.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241101-toxin-detection

Nichole Angell

A new study has uncovered the missing science behind why some lakes around the world emit such large amounts of carbon dioxide. A chemical reaction known as calcite precipitation releases CO2 and is a common phenomenon reported in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Read the full story by Cosmos.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241101-lakes-release-co2

Nichole Angell

The Thumb Land Conservancy, an organization devoted to preserving natural environments in the Blue Water Area, announced it has added 80 acres of dune and swale forest to a Fort Gratiot County Park in Michigan. Read the full story by the Times Herald.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241101-conservation-land-addition

Nichole Angell

Algae blooms in the Great Lakes are becoming increasingly common. This is why a doctoral student at the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research chose to focus her research on how the Thames River affects downstream cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms. Read the full story by Education News Canada.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241101-freshwater-research

Nichole Angell

The Watershed Center Grand Traverse Bay helped to gather over a dozen highly prestigious researchers and experts at the Freshwater Summit to present, network, and discuss regional issues spanning from whitefish populations to swimmer’s itch and more. Read the full story by WPBN-TV – Traverse City, MI.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241101-invasive-species-discussions

Nichole Angell

In Ohio, Sandusky’s waterfront mural captures some of Lake Erie’s best qualities including birding, fishing, sailing and sightseeing. A new landside painting pays homage to what many can see across Sandusky Bay on a typical summer’s day all year long.  Read the full story by the Sandusky Register.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241101-erie-mural

Nichole Angell

Waves of Change: Meet Maji ya Chai Land Sanctuary founder Rebeka Ndosi

Waves of Change is an online interview series highlighting the diverse faces and perspectives shaping the environmental justice movement throughout the Great Lakes region.

This month, we spoke with Rebeka Ndosi, founder of the Maji ya Chai Land Sanctuary, a Black-led healing sanctuary just outside of Two Harbors, Minnesota. 

Read Now at Great Lakes Now.

Original Article

Great Lakes Now

Great Lakes Now

https://www.greatlakesnow.org/2024/10/waves-of-change-meet-maji-ya-chai-land-sanctuary-founder-rebeka-ndosi/

Great Lakes Now

Competing Visions for U.S. Auto Industry Clash in Presidential Election, With the EV Future Pressing at the Border

By Marianne Lavelle and Dan Gearino, Inside Climate News

This article originally appeared on Inside Climate News, a nonprofit, non-partisan news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for their newsletter here.

Read Now at Great Lakes Now.

Original Article

Great Lakes Now

Great Lakes Now

https://www.greatlakesnow.org/2024/10/competing-visions-for-u-s-auto-industry-clash-in-presidential-election-with-the-ev-future-pressing-at-the-border/

Inside Climate News

This post provides a short background on the Lead and Copper Rule and tracks current developments with the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements.

Background on Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 and the 1991 Lead and Copper Rule:

In 1974 Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act, now codified at 42 U.S.C. 300f et seq. The Safe Drinking Water Act requires the EPA to promulgate drinking water regulations to prevent contamination of public water systems. 42 U.S.C. § 300g–1(b).

A resulting “national primary drinking water regulation” typically specifies for a contaminant with an adverse effect upon human health a “maximum contaminant level” and establishes the procedures and criteria necessary to ensure a supply of drinking water that complies with that maximum contaminant level. See 42 U.S.C. § 300f(1).

However, the EPA also has the authority under the Safe Drinking Water Act to specify a treatment technique in lieu of a maximum contaminant level if the EPA Administrator finds that it is not “economically or technologically feasible” to determine the level of the particular contaminant in a public water system. 42 U.S.C. § 300f(1)(C)(ii).

In 1991 EPA promulgated the “Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper,” 56 Fed. Reg. 26,460 (June 7,1991), now codified at 40 C.F.R. § 141.80, et seq. The proposed lead and copper rule was over 100 printed pages in the Federal Register. Instead of enforcing a maximum contaminant level for lead, the EPA took the treatment technique option. The rule was challenged by both the American Water Works Association and the Natural Resources Defense Council. See American Water Works Association v. EPA, 40 F.3d 1266 (D.C. Cir. 1994).

The D.C. Circuit deferred (under the now overruled Chevron doctrine) to the EPA’s interpretation of “feasible” in the Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 U.S.C. § 300f(1)(C)(ii), in upholding the rulemaking decision to not enforce a maximum contaminant level for lead. The court reasoned that much of the lead problem comes from customer service lines or indoor plumbing, so the EPA was reasonable in determining that water safe from lead was not "feasible."

The devil of the “feasible” approach is in the details of course. Four big problems:

  1. Small sampling - about 0.1% of a city’s taps. See 40 C.F.R. § 141.86(c).
  2. Weak “action level” - 15 (ppb) based on cost-benefit analysis. See 40 C.F.R. § 141.80(c)(1).
  3. Sacrifice zones – no action required for any lead levels in 10% of sampling. See 40 C.F.R. § 141.80.
  4. Delays allowed – no action until two consecutive six-month periods. 40 C.F.R. § 141.86(a),(d)

Let's skip over the 2021 Trump (45) Lead and Copper Rule Revisions. But could they come back under Trump 47?   

The Lead and Copper Rule Improvements - current developments:

In 2024, the Biden EPA promulgates “National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper: Improvements,” 89 Fed. Reg. 86,418 (Oct. 30, 2024) (see also the old-school three-column printed version from the Federal Register). 

American Water Works Association again challenges the rule (commonly called the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements) in D.C. Circuit Court. American Water Works Association v. EPA, Case No. 24-1376:

American Water Works Association - petition challenging final rule.

American Water Works Association - comments on the proposed rule.

Newburgh Clean Water Project, Natural Resources Defense Council and Sierra Club - motion to intervene on challenge to final rule.

Natural Resources Defense Council, Earthjustice, Campaign for Lead Free Water, Concerned Pastors for Social Action, Flint Rising, Newark Education Workers Caucus, United Parents Against Lead, Water You Fighting For? - comments on the proposed rule.

New York and other states (not Michigan) - motion to intervene on challenge to final rule.

2025 - Andrew Clyde (R-GA) introduces joint resolution under the Congressional Review Act to disapprove the 2024 Lead and Copper Rule Improvements, H.J.Res.44, 119th Congress (2025-2026).

Does your city have lead in its water? If you are in Michigan, look up your city's "90th percentile" lead result. There is no safe level for lead in your water. Anything more than 0 - there is lead in some of your public water samples and your home tap should be tested. 

 

Original Article

Great Lakes Law

Great Lakes Law

https://www.greatlakeslaw.org/blog/2024/10/epa-lead-and-copper-rule.html

Noah Hall

Fall 2024 newsletter

Enjoy River Alliance of Wisconsin’s Fall 2024 WaterWays newsletter. To get a copy of WaterWays, become a River Alliance member or pick up a print copy at local events with our partners across Wisconsin. Download a PDF copy of the full newsletter.

 

Fall 2024 | Volume 30, Issue 3

Vote for clean water this election season

by Allison Werner, Executive Director

Allison Werner's headshot

There’s no avoiding political conversations in a year like this. Our water is impacted by political decisions at all levels.

No matter who is in charge, it’s our role to push for water protection policies and actions. We examine how all of our water systems are interconnected so that we can work for the systemic changes needed to manage clean water for all. This is why we work closely with the state Department of Natural Resources and lobby our elected officials for stronger water policies that truly protect our waters.

We know bipartisan cooperation is possible. We are inspired by our environmental history and the people who made decisions guided by a conservation ethic to achieve common goals. One of the most inspiring models was the Lower Wisconsin Riverway. The Riverway is now protected after deep planning, public input, negotiation, and compromise led to the legislative passage and signing of a law by Governor Tommy G. Thompson in August 1989.

Even with the water protection laws we have, problems affect everyone in Wisconsin, regardless of who they vote for. Poor water quality, flooding, and droughts ripple through our entire state, with those who have the fewest resources suffering the most. Even affluent Wisconsinites worry about what’s in their drinking water.

That’s why we led county-by-county efforts to get voters to approve Clean Water Now referendums, proving that clean water is a nonpartisan issue. Our hope was that with this additional evidence, elected officials would advance policies to provide clean water to the people of Wisconsin. Issues like addressing PFAS do have bipartisan support, but there are still political barriers to taking real action on this issue.

Water protection is too important to be held up in political limbo. We need everyone to stand up for water and convince our leaders to take action.

In this election and every election, we ask you to vote for clean water.

The next Wisconsin legislative session needs to address PFAS and other critical water issues. Our team has outlined a few of them below. Expect to hear from us and other conservation organizations in the coming months as we work together on these issues.

River Alliance is a nonpartisan organization. We work with people across the state who care about protecting our waters. Our mission and values guide us, and anyone who supports those values is invited to join us.

 

Support River Alliance on Giving Tuesday, December 3

Think globally, give locally. That’s what the Giving Tuesday movement has been about for the last 12 years. It’s also one of the best opportunities for you to support River Alliance of Wisconsin!

On December 3, we welcome your gift or even a quick act of support by sharing a social media post to tell your friends about our mission to protect Wisconsin’s clean water. Let’s make the day a FLOOD of support for our clean water work!

Want to make an even bigger impact? Leading donors to River Alliance contribute to a matching pool of funds to challenge our supporters to give on this day with a dollar-for-dollar match. Contact Development Director Evan Arnold at earnold@wisconsinrivers.org to contribute to the donor matching pool by November 15.

 

 

River Alliance of Wisconsin’s water policy wish list for 2025

Bill Davis, Senior Legal Analyst

Bil Davis headshotYou can’t get what you don’t ask for. In a perfect world, our state’s leaders would make all decisions based on what’s best for the most people, protecting the most vulnerable and prioritizing the health of people and the environment.

Here are a few starting points we believe would make Wisconsin a healthier, more beautiful, and more ecologically diverse place for all:

People Need Protection from PFAS Pollution
The Legislature is still sitting on $125 million that could help people and municipalities with PFAS contamination now. Working with pollution-affected communities and conservation organizations in a PFAS coalition, we want those funds released, groundwater standards advanced, and PFAS universally addressed.

Lakes Need Protection from Wake Boats
Everyone has the right to enjoy our lakes and rivers, but wake boats make that difficult. We support the proposals by Wisconsin Lakes to limit where these boats can operate, reducing their physical damage and preventing the spread of invasive species like quagga mussels.

Manoomin (Wild Rice) Needs Protection from Pollution and Habitat Loss
Manoomin is at the heart of Indigenous culture and heritage in the Upper Midwest. Its health is also a sign of our environment’s health. We are launching a Manoomin Stewards Project to support data collection and cultural training for volunteers. A sulfate standard for Northern Wisconsin would protect this important species and the water we all share. River Alliance will continue its long history of monitoring and organizing around proposed destructive sulfide mines.

Water Needs to Be Managed on a Watershed, Basin-Wide Level
We will collaborate with the North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission to create an integrated, comprehensive water management plan.

Wisconsin’s State Budget Should Reflect Clean Water Priorities
We will work for water protection in the next biennial budget. This includes advocating for the protection of core Department of Natural Resources functions by addressing the structural deficit in the Land and Water Fund, reauthorizing the Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Fund, increasing funds in the polluted drinking water well compensation program, releasing approved PFAS remediation funds, and boosting funding for lead pipe removal.

Study and Limit Neonicotinoid Pollution
We aim to increase education and awareness of the far-reaching impacts of neonicotinoids on water quality and biota. Policies limiting their use will protect our drinking water. Read more about neonicotinoids on page four.

Plan for Climate Change Impacts
Our state leaders should unify communities, local groups, and governments to develop and implement strategies for healthy, resilient rivers and connected waters. In planning for the future, nature-based solutions are often a better alternative to human-built infrastructure.

For action alerts and policy perspectives from River Alliance, be sure you’re getting our Word on the Stream newsletter in your email inbox twice a month. Sign up on our homepage. 

 

The false promise of green mining

By Johnson Bridgwater, Water Advocates Organizer

You may have heard about so-called “green mining” or critical minerals in the news. Given our long history of opposing sulfide mining in our region, we are concerned about developments at the state and federal levels that could put our clean water at risk, all under the guise of sustainable energy.

We’ve been following the Biden administration’s push for 100 percent carbon pollution-free electric power by 2030. As much as we want to reduce greenhouse gasses and have more sustainable energy production, we cannot support any plan that risks polluting our limited water resources.

Mining for all the metals and minerals needed to reach this goal isn’t feasible. A University of Michigan study showed that essentially every known mineral deposit would have to be mined, risking massive water pollution, and it still wouldn’t be enough. Safer solutions are needed. Recycling, including “mining” resources out of existing landfills, could be a cleaner alternative for sourcing raw minerals.

In Wisconsin, possibly the strongest argument against mining in our water-rich state can be summarized in one word: manoomin. Manoomin, or wild rice, is central to Ojibwe culture and vital to a massive food web, including humans. It deserves special attention and real-world protections, especially regarding sulfates and mining.

Studies show that mining and manoomin, just like mining and water-rich environments, are a poor fit. Mining increases sulfate levels, causing serious problems for wild rice. Recent studies also show taconite mining is having similar impacts in Minnesota.

Nick VanderPuy demonstrates centuries-old harvesting methods.River Alliance is working with tribal and local partners to launch the Manoomin Stewards Project to support data collection and cultural training for volunteers. Stay tuned for more on how we will support Indigenous communities’ efforts to protect this vulnerable and ancient species, which relies on clean water.

 

 

Building an agricultural community around conservation needs big changes beyond the farm gate

By Mike Tiboris, Agriculture and Water Policy Director

Mike Tiboris headshotSolving Wisconsin’s agricultural water contamination problem requires systemic, transformational change across our entire food system.

While farms are where excess nutrients, pesticides, and herbicides originate, the responsibility for change goes far beyond the farm. The U.S. agriculture system is designed to produce large quantities of commodity grains that are not consumed by people. Changing what farms do means changing what the market and agricultural policy demand they do. As daunting as these changes can feel, remember that the system we have now was a choice and that we can make a different one.

Farmers’ conservation participation is growing, thanks to expanding farmer-led watershed groups and rising interest in cover crops and no-till farming. But research shows that most farmers still believe doing something different from what they’ve always done isn’t feasible or effective. This mindset changes when farmers have a dense network of peers and collaborators advocating for conservation. Genuine, reciprocal relationships are influential, and with a supportive community of practice that’s fun and rewarding to join, behavior changes.

River Alliance is not alone in its efforts to build this community, but it is a central part of the work that we do. Building real community around a watershed and a vision for a healthy environment is a universal desire. All the evidence suggests it’s also necessary to effect change in agriculture.

Making conservation the default approach for farmers will depend on larger systemic changes—beyond the farm gate or even the watershed. Changes to how lenders reward conservation practices in farm loans, what big purchasers expect, and what federal insurance policy signals to farmers all play a role. Creating entry points for a younger and more diverse population of farmers would slow farm consolidation, increase crop diversity, and foster more farm product businesses.

These changes to the food system are broad and incremental but it’s change that we must and, luckily, can achieve. 

Check in with River Alliance’s Wisconsin Agriculture Agenda work to learn more about what we need to do and how we can do it at wisconsinrivers.org/agriculture-agenda

 

Learning more about the impacts of neonicotinoids

By Ellen Voss, Climate Resilience Director

Ellen Voss headshotNeonicotinoids, commonly called “neonics,” are the most widely used insecticides in Wisconsin, though you’ve probably never heard of them. These highly toxic chemicals are applied to millions of acres of agricultural and urban land each year, leading to unintended consequences for our surface and groundwater. They leach into waterways, persist in soils, and even appear in nectar and pollen of treated crops.

Their negative effects on pollinators, like bees and butterflies, are gaining attention in Wisconsin. But we’re learning that neonics’ impacts are far more wide-reaching, affecting not only pollinators but also birds, aquatic insects, deer, and humans.

Studies have shown that neonic seed treatments (think of the purple or blue dye on corn seed) don’t always benefit farmers economically, and there are cost-effective alternatives to their use. Some U.S. states and several countries have passed laws banning or restricting their use.

Join us on Wednesday, October 30, at the Institute for Discovery on the UW-Madison campus for a day of learning about neonics. Experts from around the country and Wisconsin scientists will share their insights on this emerging concern.

You’ll leave the forum with science-based information about

  • What neonicotinoids are and where these chemicals are used in Wisconsin
  • Economic benefits of neonicotinoid use
  • Risks to the environment 
  • Wisconsin’s oversight of neonicotinoids
  • Regulatory approaches from other states and countries

To sign up and learn more, please visit cleanwisconsin.org/support/events/wisconsin-neonic-forum

For more information, contact Ellen Voss: evoss@wisconsinrivers.org

Thanks to partners including Trout Unlimited; University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension; Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies; Clean Wisconsin; Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection; Black Earth Creek Watershed Association; Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; and Wisconsin Tribal Conservation Advisory Council.

 

Rutabaga boat raffle winner

This summer, Rutabaga’s fearless leader, Darren Bush, pulled the winning ticket for our boat raffle. Congratulations to Juli from Green Bay! The avid outdoorswoman received the call the day before her birthday and was excited to show the boat to her canoe-building dad. We can’t wait to see which waters Juli paddles this year.

A special thanks to Rutabaga Paddlesports in Madison for their generous contribution of a beautiful boat for our fundraiser!

 

Business sponsors provide annual support

Businesses can support River Alliance of Wisconsin with their annual contributions. It’s a way for businesses to fund their clean water values and support our nonpartisan, nonprofit mission. Companies and statewide organizations that stand with River Alliance share a commitment to making our environment and our communities healthy, vibrant and fun places to live, work and play. To become a business sponsor, download our sponsor menu at wisconsinrivers.org/sponsorship

 

Welcome: Evan Arnold, Development Director

Evan Arnold joins River Alliance with nine years of fundraising experience at Wisconsin Conservation Voters and the Wisconsin Democracy Campaign. As Development Director, he will lead our efforts to build relationships with members, donors, businesses, and others who support clean water for all.

He grew up in Evansville, Wisconsin, and holds a Bachelor of Journalism degree from the University of Missouri. In his free time, Evan enjoys playing sand volleyball in the summer, ice hockey in the winter, playing piano, and trying to keep his plants alive year-round.

 

River Alliance of Wisconsin donors receive our triennial member newsletter by mail. To become a member, donate online.

This message is made possible by generous donors who believe people have the power to protect and restore water. Receive more updates in your inbox. Sign up for our e-newsletter to receive biweekly news and special alerts.

The post Fall 2024 newsletter appeared first on River Alliance of WI.

Original Article

Blog - River Alliance of WI

Blog - River Alliance of WI

https://wisconsinrivers.org/fall-2024-newsletter/

Allison Werner

Mining is back in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Here’s how it works

By Kelly House, Bridge Michigan

The Great Lakes News Collaborative includes Bridge Michigan; Circle of Blue; Great Lakes Now at Detroit Public Television; Michigan Public, Michigan’s NPR News Leader; and The Narwhal who work together to bring audiences news and information about the impact of climate change, pollution, and aging infrastructure on the Great Lakes and drinking water.

Read Now at Great Lakes Now.

Original Article

Great Lakes Now

Great Lakes Now

https://www.greatlakesnow.org/2024/10/mining-is-back-in-michigans-upper-peninsula-heres-how-it-works/

Bridge Michigan

Ohio environmental advocates weigh in on 2024 presidential candidates’ stance on climate change

By Zaria Johnson, Ideastream Public Media

This story was originally published by Ideastream.

As election day approaches, presidential candidates Donald Trump and Kamala Harris continue to campaign on issues that are top of mind for many voters like the economy, crime and immigration.

Read Now at Great Lakes Now.

Original Article

Great Lakes Now

Great Lakes Now

https://www.greatlakesnow.org/2024/10/ohio-environmental-advocates-weigh-in-2024-presidential-candidates-stance-on-climate-change/

Ideastream Public Media

On October 25th, NOAA GLERL Director Deborah Lee received The Ohio State University’s Distinguished Alumni Award for Career Achievement! This award recognizes alumni for significant achievement in business or institutional leadership and professional accomplishments.  Over Deborah Lee’s 39-year career with … Continue reading

Original Article

NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory

NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory

https://noaaglerl.blog/2024/10/30/noaa-glerl-director-receives-the-ohio-state-university-distinguished-alumni-award-for-career-achievement/

Gabrielle Farina

Sea lampreys are the newest residents at Michigan’s Cranbrook Institute of Science. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission provided the sea lampreys along with an enclosure and tank fittings for the exhibit which will allow guests to get up close to the invasive species. Read the full story by the Birmingham-Bloomfield Eagle.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241030-sea-lamprey-exhibit

Theresa Gruninger

The F.T. Barney, a two-masted schooner, collided with another ship and sank within minutes on Oct. 23, 1868, off the shore of Presque Isle, Michigan, in Lake Huron. Today it’s one of the best-preserved shipwrecks in the Great Lakes. Read the full story by MLive.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241030-shipwreck

Theresa Gruninger

The Department of Natural Resources will hold meetings in November on the future of smallmouth bass management in Door County waters, including a potential “catch and immediate release” rule. Read the full story by the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241030-smallmouth-bass-managment

Theresa Gruninger

More than a hundred naval personnel joined city officials at Ontario’s Windsor riverfront Tuesday morning to greet and honor HMCS Harry DeWolf, one of Canada’s newest naval vessels. Part of a month-long deployment in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, the docked ship docked will be opening its decks to the public on the weekend. Read the full story by the Windsor Star.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241030-hmcs-harry-dewolf

Theresa Gruninger

The St. Lawrence River Institute hosted the 31st Annual River Symposium from October 23 to 25, drawing researchers, students, policymakers, and community members where the event explored the theme “River Connections: Land, Water & Community,” highlighting the interdependence of ecosystems, nature, and human communities. Read the full story by the Seaway News.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241030-annual-river-symposium

Theresa Gruninger

Up to 3.2 million Michiganders may get their drinking water from PFAS-tainted aquifers, according to a landmark national study on “forever chemicals” in America’s well water, which is among the highest rates in the nation.  Read the full story by Bridge Michigan.

Original Article

Great Lakes Commission

Great Lakes Commission

https://www.glc.org/dailynews/20241030-pfas

Theresa Gruninger

By Donté Smith Capital News Service The digital divide remains a pressing issue for Michigan’s rural communities, where broadband access lags due to challenging geography and limited infrastructure. Jason Hamel, the operations manager and product assembler for Hower Tree Baler Corp. in Merritt, says current dial-up connection speeds in the area “aren’t worth it.” “It […]

The post Efforts to bridge digital divide expand in Michigan’s rural areas first appeared on Great Lakes Echo.

Original Article

Great Lakes Echo

Great Lakes Echo

http://greatlakesecho.org/2024/10/30/efforts-to-bridge-digital-divide-expand-in-michigans-rural-areas/

Donte Smith